Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: 2003;140:147. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. 2017;326:291. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. BMJ. Acta Neurol Belg. Wang et al. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Bioelectromagnetics. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. 2010;3:4650. 2015;56:2618. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Rev Environ Health. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Article Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Article The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. 2011;174:211. 2010;473:525. CAS Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Dasdag et al. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Pathophysiology. 2009;158:12639. Synapse. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. 2013;5:5500110. Cassel et al. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Abe M, Bonini NM. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. 2011;31:2293301. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Bioelectromagnetics. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Neuroscience. . Article The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Am J Epidemiol. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Am J Epidemiol. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. 2015;91:42634. 1994;15:95104. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. 2006;79:13140. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 1992;49:1818. 1999;9:3438. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Wang et al. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. 2015;148:150. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with 2014;9:e95503. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Google Scholar. CAS Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Google Scholar. 2007;28:187380. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. 2015;36:4804. Xiong et al. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. 2012;21:6209. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. 2004;155:3743. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. J Sleep Res. 2005;438:18592. The effects are usually . Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. 2012;31:6774. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Chin J Indus Hyg. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. 2002;13:11921. 2015;91:30611. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. PubMed Central Yale J Biol Med. 2014;53:22230. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Qutob et al. 2005;22:32931. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Xu et al. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Radiat Res. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 2014;90:2935. Motawi et al. 2004;25:4957. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. PubMed Article J Environ Health. Mol Cell Biol. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Google Scholar. Bioelectromagnetics. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Article 2000;11:16413. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. 2007;210:63544. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;27:6024. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. 2004;48:46624. Brain Res. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Koch C, Zador A. 2013;42:428. 2005;161:3314. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. 2012;35:32534. CAS Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Smythe JW, Costall B. Dasdag et al. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Cancer Res. 2000;284:30017. Exp Neurobiol. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 2016;74:99107. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. 2006;98:170713. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA.
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